1. Introduction to AngularJS Services
In AngularJS world, the services are singleton objects or functions that carry out specific tasks. It holds some business logic. Separation of concern is at the heart while designing an AngularJS application. Your controller must be responsible for binding model data to views using $scope. It does not contain logic to fetch the data or manipulating it.
For that we must create singleton objects called services. AngularJS can manage these service objects. Wherever we want to use the service, we just have to specify its name and AngularJS auto-magically inject these objects (more on this later).
Thus service is a stateless object that contains some useful functions. These functions can be called from anywhere; Controllers, Directive, Filters etc. Thus we can divide our application in logical units. The business logic or logic to call HTTP url to fetch data from server can be put within a service object.
Putting business and other logic within services has many advantages. First it fulfills the principle of separation of concern or segregation of duties. Each component is responsible for its own work making application more manageable. Second this way each component can be more testable. AngularJS provides first class support for unit testing. Thus we can quickly write tests for our services making them robust and less error prone.
Consider above diagram. Here we divide our application in two controllers: 1. Profile and 2. Dashboard. Each of these controllers require certain user data from server. Thus instead of repeating the logic to fetch data from server in each controller, we create a User service which hides the complexity. AngularJS automatically inject User service in both Profile and Dashboard controller. Thus our application becomes for modular and testable.
2. AngularJS internal services
AngularJS internally provides many services that we can use in our application.
$http is one example (Note: All angularjs internal services starts with $ sign). There are other useful services such as $route, $window, $location etc.
These services can be used within any Controller by just declaring them as dependencies. For example:
module.controller('FooController', function($http){ //...});module.controller('BarController', function($window){ //...}); |
3. AngularJS custom services
We can define our own custom services in angular js app and use them wherever required.
There are several ways to declare angularjs service within application. Following are two simple ways:
var module = angular.module('myapp', []);module.service('userService', function(){ this.users = ['John', 'James', 'Jake'];}); |
or we can use factory method
module.factory('userService', function(){ var fac = {}; fac.users = ['John', 'James', 'Jake']; return fac;}); |
Both of the ways of defining a service function/object are valid. We will shortly see the difference between
factory() and service() method. For now just keep in mind that both these apis defines a singleton service object that can be used within any controller, filter, directive etc.4. AngularJS Service vs Factory
AngularJS services as already seen earlier are singleton objects. These objects are application wide. Thus a service object once created can be used within any other services or controllers etc.
We saw there are two ways (actually four, but for sake of simplicity lets focus on 2 ways that are widely used) of defining an angularjs service. Using
module.factory and module.service.module.service( 'serviceName', function );module.factory( 'factoryName', function ); |
When declaring
serviceName as an injectable argument you will be provided with an instance of the function. In other words new FunctionYouPassedToService(). This object instance becomes the service object that AngularJS registers and injects later to other services / controllers if required.
When declaring
factoryName as an injectable argument you will be provided with the value that is returned by invoking the function reference passed to module.factory.
In below example we define
MyService in two different ways. Note how in .service we create service methods using this.methodname. In .factory we created a factory object and assigned the methods to it.AngularJS .service
module.service('MyService', function() { this.method1 = function() { //.. } this.method2 = function() { //.. }}); |
AngularJS .factory
module.factory('MyService', function() { var factory = {}; factory.method1 = function() { //.. } factory.method2 = function() { //.. } return factory;}); |
5. Injecting dependencies in services
Angularjs provides out of the box support for dependency management.
In general the wikipedia definition of dependency injection is:
Dependency injection is a software design pattern that allows the removal of hard-coded dependencies and makes it possible to change them, whether at run-time or compile-time. …
We already saw in previous tutorials how to use angularjs dependency management and inject dependencies in controllers. We injected
$scope object in our controller class.
Dependency injection mainly reduces the tight coupling of code and create modular code that is more maintainable and testable. AngularJS services are the objects that can be injected in any other Angular construct (like controller, filter, directive etc). You can define a service which does certain tasks and inject it wherever you want. In that way you are sure your tested service code works without any glitch.
Like it is possible to inject service object into other angular constructs, you can also inject other objects into service object. One service might be dependence on another.
Let us consider an example where we use dependency injection between different services and controller. For this demo let us create a small calculator app that does two things: squares and cubes. We will create following entities in AngularJS:
- MathService – A simple custom angular service that has 4 methods: add, subtract, multiply and divide. We will only use multiply in our example.
- CalculatorService – A simple custom angular service that has 2 methods: square and cube. This service has dependency on MathService and it uses MathService.multiply method to do its work.
- CalculatorController – This is a simple controller that handler user interactions. For UI we have one textbox to take a number from user and two buttons; one to square another to multiply.
Below is the code:
5.1 The HTML
<div ng-app="app"> <div ng-controller="CalculatorController"> Enter a number: <input type="number" ng-model="number" /> <button ng-click="doSquare()">X<sup>2</sup></button> <button ng-click="doCube()">X<sup>3</sup></button> <div>Answer: {{answer}}</div> </div></div> |
5.2 The JavaScript
var app = angular.module('app', []);app.service('MathService', function() { this.add = function(a, b) { return a + b }; this.subtract = function(a, b) { return a - b }; this.multiply = function(a, b) { return a * b }; this.divide = function(a, b) { return a / b };});app.service('CalculatorService', function(MathService){ this.square = function(a) { return MathService.multiply(a,a); }; this.cube = function(a) { return MathService.multiply(a, MathService.multiply(a,a)); };});app.controller('CalculatorController', function($scope, CalculatorService) { $scope.doSquare = function() { $scope.answer = CalculatorService.square($scope.number); } $scope.doCube = function() { $scope.answer = CalculatorService.cube($scope.number); }}); |
5.3 Online Demo
Thus in the above angularjs injected service object to another service and in turn injected final service object to the controller object. You can inject same service object in multiple controllers. As angularjs service object is inheritedly singleton. Thus only one service object will be created per application.
6. End to End application using AngularJS Service
Let us apply the knowledge that we acquired so far and create a ContactManager application. This is the same app that we built-in our last tutorial. We will add a service to it and see how we can divide the code between service and controllers. Following are some basic requirements of this application:
- User can add new contact (name, email address and phone number)
- List of contacts should be shown
- User can delete any contact from contact list
- User can edit any contact from contact list
Following is the HTML code which defines a FORM to save new contact and edit contact. And also it defines a table where contacts can be viewed.
6.1 The HTML
<div ng-controller="ContactController"> <form> <label>Name</label> <input type="text" name="name" ng-model="newcontact.name"/> <label>Email</label> <input type="text" name="email" ng-model="newcontact.email"/> <label>Phone</label> <input type="text" name="phone" ng-model="newcontact.phone"/> <br/> <input type="hidden" ng-model="newcontact.id" /> <input type="button" value="Save" ng-click="saveContact()" /> </form><table><thead> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Email</th> <th>Phone</th> <th>Action</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr ng-repeat="contact in contacts"> <td>{{ contact.name }}</td> <td>{{ contact.email }}</td> <td>{{ contact.phone }}</td> <td> <a href="#" ng-click="edit(contact.id)">edit</a> | <a href="#" ng-click="delete(contact.id)">delete</a> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> |
Next we add the AngularJS code to and life to our ContactManager appllication. We define a module ‘app’. This module is then used to create Service and Controller.
See in below code how
ContactService is created. It has simple methods to save/delete/get the contact.
Note how the service object in injected in controller.
6.2 The JavaScript
var module = angular.module('app', []);module.service('ContactService', function () { //to create unique contact id var uid = 1; //contacts array to hold list of all contacts var contacts = [{ id: 0, 'name': 'Viral', 'email': 'hello@gmail.com', 'phone': '123-2343-44' }]; //save method create a new contact if not already exists //else update the existing object this.save = function (contact) { if (contact.id == null) { //if this is new contact, add it in contacts array contact.id = uid++; contacts.push(contact); } else { //for existing contact, find this contact using id //and update it. for (i in contacts) { if (contacts[i].id == contact.id) { contacts[i] = contact; } } } } //simply search contacts list for given id //and returns the contact object if found this.get = function (id) { for (i in contacts) { if (contacts[i].id == id) { return contacts[i]; } } } //iterate through contacts list and delete //contact if found this.delete = function (id) { for (i in contacts) { if (contacts[i].id == id) { contacts.splice(i, 1); } } } //simply returns the contacts list this.list = function () { return contacts; }});module.controller('ContactController', function ($scope, ContactService) { $scope.contacts = ContactService.list(); $scope.saveContact = function () { ContactService.save($scope.newcontact); $scope.newcontact = {}; } $scope.delete = function (id) { ContactService.delete(id); if ($scope.newcontact.id == id) $scope.newcontact = {}; } $scope.edit = function (id) { $scope.newcontact = angular.copy(ContactService.get(id)); }}) |
6.3 Online Demo
That’s All Folks
We saw that angularjs service/factory objects are. How to define our own custom service/factory object in angularjs. Also we saw how dependency injection works. In the end we created a simply calculator application that wrap up all the concepts.
I hope you liked this tutorial. Feel free to post your comment below.
In this ongoing series, I will try to publish more AngularJS articles on topics like angularjs $http service, AngularJS filters, AngularJS directives etc.
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